Notes: VOC Maps and Drawings
1. Robaert (died before or in 1617) supplied paskaarten (sea charts) in 1600 for the fitting out of Van Neck's fleet: J.K.J. de Jonge, De opkomst van het Nederlandsch gezag in Oost-Indië I ('s-Gravenhage 1862) 183.
2. C.A. Davids, Zeewezen en wetenschap. De wetenschap en de ontwikkeling van de navigatietechniek in Nederland tussen 1585 and 1815 (Amsterdam en Dieren 1985) 398.
3. For De Graaff and Van Keulen: M. Kok, Ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse maritieme kartografie in de achttiende eeuw (1730-1815) (typescript; Utrecht 1980) 48 and 51. The letter of appointment for De Graaff in 1705 is almost identical with that of Willem Jansz. Blaeu in 1633.
4. At least this was the practice in the eighteenth century. In 1633 upon his appointment Willem Jansz. Blaeu was awarded a fixed yearly salary of 300 guilders, over and above his piece wages,: Pieter van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927) 404.
5. Pieter van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927) 415.
6. On 1st July 1723 the shipwright Brouwer was asked either to lease his shipyard or to sell it; VOC, inv. no. 251, Resoluties of the Amsterdam Chamber. The examinator van de stuurlieden, Mattheus Soetens, was not permitted to run his own school for navigational skills after his appointment; VOC, inv. no. 360, instructions of the Amsterdam Chamber for its employees. See also K. Zandvliet, 'Joan Blaeu's Boeck vol kaerten en beschrijvingen van de Oostindisch Compagnie [...]' in: J.E. Huisken and F. Lammertse eds., Het kunstbedrijf van de familie Vingboons. Schilders, architecten en kaartmakers in de gouden eeuw (Maarssen etc. 1989) 59-95.
7. J. Publido-Rubio, El piloto mayor de la Casa de Contracion de Sevilla... (n.p. 1950); A. Cortesao and A. Teixeira de Mota, Monumenta Portugaliae Cartographica I (Lisboa 1960) 19-21 and III, 41-49 and 87-89, and IV, 4 and 79; N.J.W. Thrower ed., The complete Plattmaker. Essays on Chart, Map and Globe Making in England in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (Berkeley etc. 1978) 45-100.
8. K. Zandvliet, 'Joan Blaeu's Boeck vol kaerten en beschrijvingen van de Oostindisch Compagnie [...]' in: J.E. Huisken and F. Lammertse eds., Het kunstbedrijf van de familie Vingboons. Schilders, architecten en kaartmakers in de gouden eeuw (Maarssen etc. 1989), 75. Compare G. Schilder, 'Organization and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century', Imago Mundi 28 (1976) 61-78, and G. Schilder, 'Het cartografisch bedrijf van de VOC' in: Patrick van Mil and Mieke Scharloo eds., De VOC in de kaart gekeken. Cartografie en navigatie van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie 1602-1799 ('s-Gravenhage 1988) 17-45.
9. Amongst other things the artikelbrief (terms of appointment) of 2nd March 1634, 12th item, Article 110, in J.A. van der Chijs ed., Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek I (Batavia and 's-Gravenhage 1885) 339. This condition is repeated in later terms of appointment.
10. Supervision is stipulated in eighteenth century instructions to examinators van de stuurlieden ; VOC, inv. no. 255, Proceedings of the Amsterdam Chamber, 11 December 1731, Instruction Cornelis Stuurman. This was in response to a request of the 28th March 1731 from the Heren XVII. It is in character that the compilation of the seaman's guide for the East, the sixth part of the Zee-fakkel, was produced by the examinator, Jan de Marre.
11. Besides legger, the terms origineele and slaper were used; J.A. van der Chijs ed., Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek VI (Batavia and 's-Gravenhage 1885), 15 January 1753.
12. J.W. Heydt, Allerneuester Geographisch- und Topographischer Schau-Platz von Africa und Ost-Indien. (Wilhelmsdorff 1744) 44.
13. Facsimile edition with an introduction by C. Verner and R.A. Skelton (London 1970).
14. VOC, inv. no. 164, Proceedings Heren XVII, 14 March 1729.
15. M. Kok, 'Cartografie van de firma Van Keulen' in E.O. van Keulen et al. eds., Ín de Gekroonde Lootsman'. Het kaarten- boekuitgevers en instrumentenmakershuis Van Keulen te Amsterdam 1680-1885 (Utrecht 1989), 34.
16. For the atlases of Vingboons and Van der Hem, see F.C. Wieder ed., Monumenta Cartographica. Reproductions of Unique and Rare Maps, Plans and Views... (6 volumes; 's-Gravenhage 1925-1933); G. Schilder, 'Organization and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century', Imago Muni 28 (1976) 61-78; J.Th.W. van Bracht ed., Atlas van kaarten en aanzichten van de VOC en WIC, genoemd Vingboonsatlas in het Nationaal Archief van Nederland te 's-Gravenhage (Haarlem 1982) and K. Zandvliet, 'Joan Blaeu's Boeck vol kaerten en beschrijvingen van de Oostindisch Compagnie [...]' in: J.E. Huisken and F. Lammertse eds., Het kunstbedrijf van de familie Vingboons. Schilders, architecten en kaartmakers in de gouden eeuw (Maarssen etc. 1989)
17. Table of contents dating from the time before the mapbook had been taken apart: Archives of the Raad der Aziatische Bezittingen en Etablissementen (Council for the Asian Possessions and Establishments), inv. no. 21, annex 112 by Proceedings of 27 June 1806; Archives of the Ministerie van Koloniën (Ministry of Colonies) supplement 1850-1952, inv. no. 49.
18. M. Kok, 'Cartografie van de firma Van Keulen' in: E.O. van Keulen et al. eds., 'In de Gekroonde Lootsman'. Het kaarten-, boekuitgevers en instrumentenmakershuis Van Keulen te Amsterdam 1680-1885 (Utrecht 1989).
19. For the map series of Gerard van Keulen and the seaman's guide of Van Keulen and De Marre: M. Kok, 'Cartografie van de firma Van Keulen' in: E.O. van Keulen et al. eds., 'In de Gekroonde Lootsman'. Het kaarten-, boekuitgevers en instrumentenmakershuis Van Keulen te Amsterdam 1680-1885 (Utrecht 1989), 34 and 36. Facsimile edition: C. Koeman ed., De Nieuwe Groote Ligtende Zee-fakkel (Amsterdam 1969).
20. Hans H. van Rooij and Jerzy Gawronski, VOC-schip Amsterdam (Haarlem 1989). In 1727 explicit instructions were given by the Admiralty to deposit plans and models in the archives: National Archives of the Netherlands in the Netherlands, Fagel Collection, inv. no. 1099. Grateful thanks to B. Kist.
21. Zeeland Chamber: VOC, inv. no. 14336, account for the outfitting of the ships the Amsterdam and the Zon, 1606, f. 12, Barend Langenes.
22. The Amsterdam Chamber paid more than 1,447 pounds to Robaert for paskaarten (sea charts) for the equipage of the five ships which sailed in 1616. Some of these charts were sent to and charged to the Chambers of Middelburg, Delft, Rotterdam, Hoorn and Enkhuizen; VOC, inv. no. 14338, account for the ninth equipage of the Amsterdam Chamber, 1616, f. 19v.
23. 'Kaarten sullen voor alle de cameren werden gemaakt bij Hessel Gerrits' (Maps will be made for all chambers by Hessel Gerritsz.), 11 September 1628: VOC, inv. no. 13790, Equipage Ledger; Van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927), 403 (cites the Proceedings of the Heren XVII of 11th July 1628). A confirmation of the stipulation: 6 June 1669 VOC, inv. no. 4456, report of the Haags Besogne.
24. VOC, inv. nos. 4456, report of the Haags Besogne, and 4601, report of the conferences of the Heren XVII committee for inspecting the books, 4 June 1669. The reason for the discussion was the excessive bill which the mapmaker Joan Blaeu presented for the year 1668: 21,135 guilders, 9 guilders per parchment map.
25. P.A. Leupe, Inventaris der verzameling kaarten berustende in het Rijks archief. Ie gedeelte ('s-Gravenhage 1867) v-vi, Proceedings Heren XVII, 23rd October 1666 and 19th and 21st October 1684.
26. It is possible that after 1747 Hoorn and Enkhuizen once again began to purchase their maps from local suppliers: M. Kok, 'Cartografie van de firma Van Keulen', 38. For the Zeeland Chamber see: G. Schilder, 'Het cartografisch bedrijf van de VOC' in: Patrick van Mil and Mieke Scharloo eds., De VOC in de kaart gekeken. Cartografie en navigatie van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie 1602-1799 ('s-Gravenhage 1988), 34.
27. The numbers VEL 1184 to VEL 1187 can be seen as a version of this pre-cadastral map (revised until 1706).
28. For the instructions for military engineers, see: J.A. van der Chijs ed., Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek (Batavia and 's-Gravenhage 1885).
29. J.A. van der Chijs ed., Nederlandsch-Indisch Plakaatboek VI (Batavia and 's-Gravenhage 1885), 15th January 1753, appointment Pieter Hermannus Ohdem, and 6th March 1753. In the latter decree the salary of the examinator was raised.
30. A number of these painted views and maps of the Company's establishments is preserved in the Rijksmuseum: P.J.J. van Thiel et al. , Alle schilderijen van het Rijksmuseum te Amsterdam (Amsterdam and Haarlem 1976) 105 (A19), 509-510 (A4481 and A4482) and 664 (A4471 to 4476).
31. VOC, inv. no. 4639, lists of maps received from Asia. In the 1814 inventory of the charters and a register of maps which have been bound into volumes and bundles is again mentioned.
32. Van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927), 403.
33. Van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927), 415 (1633) and in Van Keulen's instruction (1786). It is true that in the case of Van Keulen 'the leggers lodged with the Company' are mentioned, but perhaps we should take this to refer to the models which have been mentioned earlier. If this is the case, the Company kept authorized copies of every map and navigational instrument in the stuurmanskamer.
34. Most of these lists have been published: G. Schilder, 'Organization and Evolution of the Dutch East India Company's Hydrographic Office in the Seventeenth Century', Imago Mundi 28 (1976), 64-68 and M. Kok, Ontwikkelingen in de Nederlandse maritieme kartografie in de achttiende eeuw (1730-1815) (typescript; Utrecht 1980), Appendices I.1 to I.6.
35. VOC, inv. no. 232, Proceedings of the Amsterdam Chamber, 22nd November 1638.
36. Van Dam, Beschryvinge van de Oostindische Compagnie first volume, part 1. F.W. Stapel ed. Rijks geschiedkundige publicatiën, grote serie 63 ('s-Gravenhage 1927), 414. Therefore management of the maps and drawings collections (the archives) was not one of the duties of the mapmaker.
37. VOC, inv. no. 4597, balance sheet for 1781. In the invoice of commodities and supplies assembled in the warehouse of the Amsterdam Chamber, 300 charts and 150 blank charts with the compass lines printed are mentioned. In Van Keulen's instruction (1786), it is stated that in the event of his resignation or death the maps would be resumed for the prices mentioned in the approved list. This phraseology indicates that there was a stock of charts in Van Keulen's shop.
38. In the stuurmanskamer of the VOC there was a buffer stock of sets of charts available. An equipage list of 1788 states which persons were responsible for the supply of goods, victuals and so forth: 'moet worden ingevuld door den equipagemeester, opzigter van de stuurmanskamer, opzigter van het slagthuis, opzigter van de wapenkamer' (must be entered by the master of the equipage, the supervisor of the stuurmanskamer, the overseer of the abattoirs, by the overseer of the arsenal); VOC, inv. no. 4964. The accounts of the VOC give the impression that large amounts of maps were regularly supplied and paid for: Isaac de Graaff received 1381 guilders on 31st October 1721 (VOC, inv. no. 7148, journal of the chief accountant of the Amsterdam Chamber, f. 276); the widow of Johannes van Keulen received 2985 guilders on 31st October 1772 (VOC, inv. no. 7163, journal of the chief accountant of the Amsterdam Chamber, f. 54).
39. In the directors' boardroom in Hoorn in 1796 there were thirteen framed old maps and prints; Archives of the Comité tot de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen (East India Committee), inv. no. 159.
41. Archives of the Comité tot de Oost-Indische handel en bezittingen (East India Committee), inv. no. 154, minutes of Equipage Department, 30th September and 7th October 1796.
42. rchives of the Raad der Aziatische Bezittingen en Etablissementen (Council for the Asian Possessions and Establishments), inv. no. 28, Instruction of 28th September 1800. As far as can be investigated, this list has not survived.
43. By decree of 27th June 1806, no. 112, Kraijenhoff was sent a copy of the 'inventory of maps, plans and memoranda concerning the East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope'; rchives of the Raad der Aziatische Bezittingen en Etablissementen (Council for the Asian Possessions and Establishments), inv. no. 37. It is possible that this was the same inventory used in August 1806 for the delivery of Ampt's maps.
44. See the inventories of written archivalia: VOC, inv. nos. 13862-13865 and 14924-14926, 'generaal register van alle de Compagnie's boeken welke uit Indien naar Patria werden gezonden' (general register of all the Company's books which were sent home from Asia), 1612-1794; February 1807 (Delft Chamber), f. 40; Inventory of Marine en Koloniën (Inventory of Navy and Colonies), 1814, f. 91 no. 128, f. 98 no. 191, f. 109 kist 8, f. 118 kist 13 no. 64; 28 August 1816; VOC, inv. no. 14931, inventory of the East Indian Archives in the Westindisch Magazijn in Amsterdam compiled by De Munnick, 1828.
45. Archives of the Ministerie van Koophandel en Koloniën (Ministry for Commerce and the Colonies), inv. no. 2, enclosure report gen. dir., July-December 1806 no. 27, Art. 7 of the Royal Decree.
46. See the instruction to the director (Arts. 3 and 4), Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 21. Some doubts could be raised bout how much historiography was written at that period. This was the case in Paris. Archives of the Ministerie van Koophandel en Koloniën (Ministry for Commerce and the Colonies), inv. no. 79 (index Oost), 31st wijnmaand 1810 (October) no. 21.
47. M.D. Lammerts, 'Het depot-generaal van Oorlog', Ons Leger 26 (1940) 321-325. See also H.A.J. van Schie, Inventaris van de archieven van het Comité tot de algemene zaken van het bondgenootschap te Lande ... ('s-Gravenhage 1979) introduction.
48. The 'staat en inventaris van Koophandel en Koloniën (balance sheet and inventory) of 1814, f. 6, mentions the inventory of the books and papers from the charterkamer of the former VOC 'waarbij de lijst der kaarten en plans' (including the list of maps and plans), delivery on 15th August 1806. The list, which has been preserved, is dated 27th June 1806: rchives of the Raad der Aziatische Bezittingen en Etablissementen (Council for the Asian Possessions and Establishments), inv. no. 21, annex 112 to Proceedings of 27th June 1806.
49. Archives of the Ministerie van Marine en Koloniën (Ministry of the Navy and Colonies) 1795-1813, exh. 17th December 1808 no. 5.
50. Archives of the Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Legatie Frankrijk (French Legation), inv. no. 80.
51. Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 9, letters of Ampt, 26th March 1808 and 5th April 1808: 'from which division I foresee a fine acquisition for the field of the colonies...'.
52. Archives of the Departement van Marine (Naval Department) 1798-1810, inv. no. 212, letters received, 6th February 1810.
53. The instruction is composed in line with the Royal Decree of 1st March 1807, Art. 8253. The text of the instruction can be found in: Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 21.
54. See J.A.M.Y. Bos-Rops et al. eds., De archieven in het Nationaal Archief van Nederland. Overzichten van de archieven en verzamelingen in de openbare archiefbewaarplaatsen in Nederland IX (Alphen aan den Rijn 1982) 471-473. Ampt expatiated on the method of inventorization in a memorandum of 31st December 1807; Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 29. Ampt's memo is a further development of the system of arrangement stipulated in the instruction (see note 53). The working methods of the Depot-Generaal van Oorlog were still very renowned in the middle of the nineteenth century and perhaps exercised some influence on Leupe: J.J.F. Noordziek, Archiefwezen 1826-1852. Met eene korte opgave van den inhoud van eenige boekerijen ('s-Gravenhage 1853) 62-64.
55. VOC charts are mentioned in an enclosure to De Man's missive of 15th November 1815 to the Minister for the Navy in which he specifies details about the transfer of maps and so forth to the department of the former. They include: 4 maps of the Coromandel coast; 6 maps of the island of Ceylon; 4 maps of Ceylon and the Maldives; 4 maps of the Malabar coast.
56. The following registers refer to the VOC: no. 1 Asia; nos. 2 and 3 Java; nos. 4 and 5 Ceylon; no. 6 East Indies; no. 7 Africa; no. 8 Guinea coast; nos. 9 to 11 Cape of Good Hope; and no. 27 framed maps (probably taken from the boardroom). 'Extraits des catalogues des cartes, plans...', 16th August 1810, and an packing list of 1815; Archives of the Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Legatie Frankrijk, inv. no. 80. Also in the Archives of Oorlog en Topografisch Bureau (War and Topographical Bureau), inv. no. 15.
57. From Register no.12 America in 1810 a, no. 85, was singled out as the highest number. The drawing of the spice mill in Colombo (VEL 982) was described, according to the caption, in the fifth Register, part 1, folio 25. Therefore the register may well have consisted of two parts, each containing at least 25 pages. I assume that each register could contain (Register no. 12, America contained at least 85 numbers) about 100 descriptions. In view of the fact that the division into numbers of registers will have been based partly on the cartographic and drawing material available, it seems to me that the estimate of 400 sheets for the VOC is more likely to be too low than too high.
58. E.A.D. Comte de Las Cases, Mémoires [...] communiqués par lui-même [...(Bruxelles 1818) 31-32.
59. Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine, BB2, inv. no. 122. letter from the Minister of the Navy and Colonies to the French Dépôt-Général/Impérial, 12th July 1810.
60. Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine, BB3, inv. no. 350, letter from De Rosily to the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies, Decrès.
61. Archives of the Prins Stedehouder, inv. no. 10, letter from the French Minister for the Navy, Decrès, to the Prins Stedehouder, 10th July 1810.
62. Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 5, order from the ministers of War and the Navy, 15th July 1810.
63. This is specified in an extract catalogue of 17th August 1810. Both the extract catalogue and the complete catalogues of the holdings of the navy and the colonies were sent to the Prins Stedehouder in Amsterdam on 21st August 1810 by the French Minister for the Navy and the Colonies, Decrès: Archives Prins Stedehouder, inv. no. 10. Leadership of the operation in Amsterdam remained in the hands of De Las Cases. See also: Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 9, 16th July 1810.
64. Copy Imperial Decree of 18th August 1810, with a specification of the numbers exempted, described in the extract catalogue of 16th August 1810: Archives of the Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Legatie Frankrijk, inv. no. 80. Also in Archives Prins Stedehouder, inv. no. 8
65. Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine, BB3, inv. no. 350, letter from Buache (seen by Rosily) to the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies, 7th August 1810.
66. Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine 1JJ, inv. no. 51, duplicate letter from the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies to Lebrun, 21st August 1810.
67. Archives Archives of Depot-Generaal van Oorlog (General Depot for War) 1806-1811, inv. no. 9, commission of Van der Heim.
68. Archives of the Ministerie van Marine en Koloniën (Ministry of the Navy and Colonies), inv. no. 79, exh. 28th December 1810.
69. Archives of the Hollandse Divisie (Dutch Division) of the Ministry of the Navy and Colonies in Paris, 1810-1814, inv. no. 6, letter from the maritime prefect to the Minister of the Navy and the Colonies, Decrès, in Paris, 22nd May 1811.
70. Reçu De Man of 22nd November 1815: Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine, 1JJ, inv. no. 52.
71. G.A. Covillault, Histoire des archives et de la bibliothèque du Service Hydrographique de la Marine (Paris 1979) 18-19.
72. Royal Decree 13th July 1815 no. 21, on the recommendation of Goldberg, staatsraad Koophandel en Koloniën (state councillor for Commerce and the Colonies) exh. 10th July 1815 no. 644. Follow up to Koophandel en Koloniën, 16th November 1814 no. 419 and 17th December 1814 no. 26. There is an explicit reference to the mapbook of Isaac de Graaff in the Royal Decree concerned.
73. Archives of the Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Legatie Frankrijk, letter from De Man to Fagel, 24th October 1815, and from De Man to the Minister for War, 15th November 1815 no. 59 (quotation).
74. Map of Batavia: Paris, Bibliothèque Nationale, Collection Service Hydrographique 193/5/6; National Archives of the Netherlands, the Netherlands, VEL 1192 (with the marks of Ampt's inventorization: Reg. 2, part 1 f. 5). Map of Malabar: Paris, Bibl. Nat., Coll. Serv. Hydr. 206/2/23; National Archives of the Netherlands, the Netherlands, MCAL no. 4198.
75. Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine, 1JJ, inv. no. 52.
76. Lists of 22nd November 1815 in: Paris, Archives Nationales, Marine 1JJ, inv. no. 52. This also includes a statement by De Man in which he declares which of the maps, drawings and models which appear in the catalogue of 1810 can no longer be found.
77. On 16th February 1816 the senior clerk, Zimmerman, was authorized (exh. Minister of Colonies no. 966) to take charge of the documents and to keep them in the charterkamer of the ministry; Archives of the Ministerie van Koloniën (Ministry of Colonies), 1814-1848, inv. no. 117, annex to report 8th December 1815 no. 3767 and Archives of Oorlog en Topografisch Bureau, inv. no. 15. Signed receipt: Idem, inv. no. 15.
78. Archives of the Ministerie van Buitenlandse Zaken (Ministry for Foreign Affairs), Legatie Frankrijk, inv. no. 80. The state councillor for Commerce and the Colonies, Goldberg, confirmed receipt of the original catalogue on 21st November 1815, National Archives of the Netherlands, the Netherlands, private papers of De Man.
79. Th.L. Lunsingh Scheurleer, 'De Stadhouderlijke verzamelingen' in: 150 jaar Koninklijk Kabinet van Schilderijen, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Koninklijk Penningkabinet ('s-Gravenhage 1967) 9-50, especially 38-39.
80. According to the clerk, C. Bras, in a note of 2nd October 1821 about goods he had come across in the 'former shipyard'. This note ties in with the decrees of the Ministry of Colonies of 26th January 1821 and 27th November 1821 no. 26/1.
81. R. Fruin, De gestie van dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink als archivaris des rijks 1854-1865 [...] ('s-Gravenhage 1926) 74.
82. V. de Stuers, Holland op zijn smalst [...] (Bussum 1975) 69; originally appeared as an article in De Gids (1873).
83. J.J.F. Noordziek, Archiefwezen 1826-1852. Met eene korte opgave van den inhoud van eenige boekerijen ('s-Gravenhage 1853) 68.
84. Archives of the Ministerie van Koloniën (Ministry of Colonies), 1814-1848, inv. no. 541, exh. 15th September 1856 A19.
85. R. Fruin, De gestie van dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink als archivaris des rijks 1854-1865 [...] ('s-Gravenhage 1926), 193.
86. P.A. Leupe, Inventaris der verzameling kaarten berustende in het Rijksarchief. Eerste gedeelte ('s-Gravenhage 1867). Code: VEL.
87. S.P. l'Honoré Naber, Inventaris der verzameling kaarten berustende in het Nationaal Archief van Nederland. Eerste supplement ('s-Gravenhage 1914). Code: VELH.
88. P.A. Leupe, Catalogus der verzameling van kaarten van het Ministerie van Marine ('s-Gravenhage 1872). Code: MCAL.
89. For maps and drawings in other collections see: M.P.H. Roessingh, Sources to the history of Asia and Oceania in the Netherlands I. Sources up to 1796 (München 1982) and Wieder, Monumenta Cartographica.
90. For a survey see: Sources de l'Histoire de l'Asie et de l'Océanie dans les Archives et Bibliothèques françaises II. Bibliothèque Nationale (München etc. 1981) 249-261. One part of the VOC maps in the Bibliothèque Nationale, the hand-drawn charts on parchment from before 1700, has been included in a bibliography: M. Dèstombes, Catalogue des cartes nautiques manuscrites sur parchemin 1300-1700. Cartes hollandaises. La cartographie de la Compagnie des Indes Orientales 1593-1743 (Saigon 1941). More recent, but with the same limited scope, is M. Foncin, M. Dèstombes and M. de la Roncière, Catalogue des cartes nautiques sur vélin conservées au Département des Cartes et Plans (Paris 1963).
91. M. Pastoureau, 'Histoire de la Bibliothèque Nationale. Géographie et cartographie à la BN pendant la Révolution: un rendez-vous manqué', Revue de la Bibliothèque Nationale 32 (1989) 65 and 67.
92. Inventaire sommaires des portefeuilles du Service Hydrographique de la Marine (typescript).
93. J.M. Obreen, Catalogus der verzameling van modellen van het Departement van Marine ('s-Gravenhage 1858).
94. V. de Stuers, Holland op zijn smalst [...] (Bussum 1975) 70; originally appeared as an article in De Gids (1873).
95. Verhandelingen en Berigten betrekkelijk het Zeewezen 5 (Amsterdam 1845). See also: W.C. Crama and A.C.J. Vermeulen, 'Van zeevaartkundig etablissement tot koffiehuis' in: Van Keulen et al. eds., 'In de Gekroonde Lootsman' 72-83. They write that, when the business was closed down in 1885, the charts were sold en masse to Seijffardt's bookshop. It seems to me this refers to the stock.
96. G.D. Bom HGz., Bijdragen tot eene geschiedenis van het geslacht 'Van Keulen' (Amsterdam 1885) 23-25.
97. Verzameling van kaarten van het Ministerie van Marine (code MCAL).
98. For South Africa: List of Archivalia in South African Archives Depots (4th impression; Pretoria 1987) 66.
99. J. van Kan, Compagniesbescheiden en aanverwante archivalia in Britsch-Indië en op Ceylon (Batavia 1931) 211 and 214; J.L. Brohier and J.H.O. Paulusz., Land, Maps and Surveys: Descriptive Catalogue of Historical Maps in the Surveyor General's Office II (Colombo 1951); S.A.W. Mottau, 'Archival Collections for Studies of the Dutch in Ceylon', Journal of the Dutch Burgher Union of Ceylon 60 (1982) 67-80.
100. J.A. van der Chijs, Inventaris van 's Lands Archief te Batavia, 1602-1816 (Batavia 1882) vi and 325.
101. This catalogue has been published: Inventory of Cartographic Manuscripts of the Seventeenth to the Nineteenth Century (Jakarta 1986). See also: Guides to the Sources of Asian History IV. Indonesia (Jakarta 1989) 49.